Transboundary pollution
Acid rain in East Asia
What is Acid Rain? | National Geographic
Environmental impacts of global flows
Localized pollution
Carbon footprints for global flows of food, goods and people
Simpleshow explains the Carbon Footprint
Environmental issues linked with the global shift of industry
Polluting manufacturing industries
Source: https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions
WHY DO TNCS MOVE THEIR MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES?
Manufacturing industries and waste disposal industries are generally moving from high income to low and middle income industries. This is for several reasons.
Benefits of LIC/MICs:
- Manufacturing gives the opportunity for a low/middle income country to develop its economy
- FDI is welcomed by LICs and MICs with low taxes, cheap land, and government-paid improvements to infrastructure
- There may be low levels of environmental regulations in lower income countries
Drawbacks of HICs:
- It is harder to find workers willing to engage in dangerous occupations in higher income countries
- The higher income of workers in HICs may cancel out any benefits of tax incentives and good infrastructure
- Increasingly high awareness of environmental issues has led to massively increased environmental regulation in HICs
There is a debate over whether TNCs (Trans-National Corporations) deliberately move polluting industries overseas. A 1970s report by a US environmental consultant found that many companies had moved from the US to Mexico to produce dangerous materials such as asbestos and arsenic. However, in the 1980s a contradictory report found that although environmental concerns would be one part of a relocation study, “they were never strong enough to outweigh all the traditional forces that determine investment and location decisions” including raw materials, energy supplies, labour, transport, political considerations, climate and the local market. In the 1990s a mixed picture emerged, suggesting that any economic benefits of environmental degradation were short-lived due to growing awareness in the destination countries.
The concept of a Manufacturing industries and waste disposal industries are generally moving from high income to low and middle income industries. This is for several reasons.
Benefits of LIC/MICs:
- Manufacturing gives the opportunity for a low/middle income country to develop its economy
- FDI is welcomed by LICs and MICs with low taxes, cheap land, and government-paid improvements to infrastructure
- There may be low levels of environmental regulations in lower income countries
Drawbacks of HICs:
- It is harder to find workers willing to engage in dangerous occupations in higher income countries
- The higher income of workers in HICs may cancel out any benefits of tax incentives and good infrastructure
- Increasingly high awareness of environmental issues has led to massively increased environmental regulation in HICs
Source: http://geographylaunchpad.weebly.com/the-effects-of-transnational-manufacturing-and-services.html
Food production systems for global agribusiness
Source: https://ccafs.cgiar.org/bigfacts/#theme=food-emissions
Environmental impacts of Agriculture
Synthesis and evaluation
Use the content from this post to to plan an answer for the following question:
‘Explain how global interactions affect the physical environment by varying degrees at different scales’. 16 marks.
Use mark scheme on page 56 from the new syllabus guide (AO3)
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