G.3 Urban environmental and social stresses

Urban microclimate modification and management: the urban heat island effect

Source: https://skepticalscience.com/graphics.php?g=251

Source: https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/urban-heat-island-causes-and-consequences.html

ClimateBits: Urban Heat Island

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Od2d1bYQVHs

Urban Heat Islands on The Weather Channel

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-sXHl3l-rM

Air pollution patterns and its management -  case study of air pollution in one city and its varying impact on people - São Paulo

Source: http://www.discoveringsaopaulo.com/2011/06/smog-city.html

Air quality in the metropolitan region of São Paulo

Key: green - good, yellow - moderate, orange - bad, red - very bad, purple - terrible

Source: https://www.climatempo.com.br/noticia/2015/08/14/qualidade-do-ar-ruim-na-grande-sp-4956

Follow the links below for input on the causes and impact of air pollution in São Paulo and air quality management strategies in Brazil.

Historical overview of air pollution in Sao Paulo metropolitan area, Brazil: influence of mobile sources and related health effects

Air Quality Policies - Brazil

Traffic congestion patterns, trends and impacts

Source: https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/congsymp/sld003.htm

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/rabbani121/major-causes-of-traffic-congestion-in-dhaka-city

Source: http://www.newgeography.com/content/004504-traffic-congestion-world-10-worst-and-best-cities

Source: http://slideplayer.com/slide/3167534/

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/AnandChaturvedi2/traffic-congestion-30272625

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/pranavmishra22/travel-demand-management

Example of a planned transport management framework from Australia

Source: https://audit.wa.gov.au/reports-and-publications/reports/main-roads-projects-address-traffic-congestion/main-roads-not-know-activities-improve-congestion-provide-best-use-resources/

Case study of one affected city and the management response

Sao Paulo: A city with 180km traffic jams

Contested land use changes, including slum clearances, urban redevelopment - Dharavi, Mumbai and Babilonia, Rio de Janeiro and the depletion of green space - comparative case study 

Use the sources listed to collect information and complete the table below:

Sources (contrasting views):

Mumbai

The best idea to redevelop Dharavi slum? Scrap the plans and start again

Battle over Mumbai's slums

Rio de Janeiro

Olympic exclusion zone: the gentrification of a Rio favela

CITY CLIMATE LEADERSHIP AWARDS Rio de Janeiro Climate Close-Up

Managing the impacts of urban social deprivation, including the cycle of deprivation and geographic patterns of crime

The maps below represent the impact of urban social deprivation in São Paulo (Brazil) and can be used to build a spatial analysis.

Criminality (percentage in variation to a criminality target) - 2014

Source: http://sao-paulo.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,crime-subiu-em-91-dos-dps-da-capital,1158743

Homicides - 2000

Source: http://produtos.seade.gov.br/produtos/ivj/index.php?tip=map&mapa=12

Population growth - 1991 - 2005

Formal employment per sector (industry, commerce, services)

Source: https://propostasoninhafrancine.wordpress.com/2012/09/25/reconfiguracao-do-territorio/

Percentage of inhabitants belonging to black ethnic group - 2015

Source: http://g1.globo.com/sao-paulo/noticia/2015/09/parelheiros-tem-78-vezes-mais-negros-que-pinheiros-diz-levantamento.html

Slums - 2000

Source: https://pt.map-of-sao-paulo.com/outros-mapas/s%C3%A3o-paulo-favelas-mapa

Source: Codrington, Stephen. Planet Geography. 2nd edition. Solid Star Press, 2017.

Synthesis (Sy), Evaluation (Ev) and Skills (Sk) opportunities

Use the content from this post to plan an answer the following question: ‘Discuss about the varying perspectives of different social groups on the costs and benefits of different urban strategies, and priorities for action’. 10 marks. 

Use mark scheme on page 56 from the new syllabus guide (AO3)