G.2 Changing urban systems

Urbanization, natural increase and centripetal population movements

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/stevenheath148/urbanization-centripetal-and-centrifugal-movements

Source: https://mashable.com/2014/07/18/urbanization-city-growth/#D0J5klpeDGqm

Source: IB Geography: Course Book 2nd edition: Oxford IB Diploma Program


Source: http://slideplayer.com/slide/7352296/


Source: http://slideplayer.com/slide/7278656/

Centripetal population movements

Rural-urban migration

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/stevenheath148/urbanization-centripetal-and-centrifugal-movements

Source: https://kisialevelgeography.wordpress.com/as-migration/

Source: http://slideplayer.com/slide/4206485/

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/stevenheath148/urbanization-centripetal-and-centrifugal-movements

Gentrification and reurbanization

Source: https://cleanupjamaicaqueens.wordpress.com/2014/02/28/gentrification-is-a-good-thing-ghettoization-is-not/


Source: https://therealdeal.com/2014/01/19/starbucks-portends-gentrification-in-inwood-brokers-say/

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/stevenheath148/urbanization-centripetal-and-centrifugal-movements

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/stevenheath148/urbanization-centripetal-and-centrifugal-movements

Centrifugal population movements

Suburbanization

Source: https://infograph.venngage.com/p/97070/suburbanization-causes-and-effects

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/stevenheath148/urbanization-centripetal-and-centrifugal-movements

Counter-urbanization

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/Marissia226/urban-settlements

Source: https://br.pinterest.com/pin/408420259933783247/

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/stevenheath148/urbanization-centripetal-and-centrifugal-movements

Urban systems growth

Source: Codrington, S. (2017). Planet geography. 2nd edition. Sydney: Solid Star Press.

 Case study of infrastructure growth over time in one city - Shanghai, China

Source: https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/08/chinas-great-infrastructure-binge-in-charts/278597/

More about infrastructure development in Shanghai at at:

Infrastructure investment to support growth

Shanghai G20: Investment and Infrastructure

Nagle, Garrett, and Briony Cooke. Geography Course Companion. 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 2017, pp. 352-356.

The causes of urban deindustrialization and its economic, social and demographic consequences

Source: https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/why-premature-deindustrialization-is-really-bad-news-for-development/

Deindustrialization is the long-term, absolute decline in employment in the manufacturing sectors of an economy. It refers to a loss of jobs rather than a decline in productivity. The decline of certain industries or areas is due to a number of factors, including: 

• the exhaustion of resources
• the increasing costs of raw materials
• automation and new technology
• the introduction of a rival product
• fall in demand
•  overseas competition from NICs
•  rationalization
•  a rise in costs
•  the removal of a subsidy
• lack of capital

Source: IB Geography: Course Book 2nd edition: Oxford IB Diploma Program

Source: http://slideplayer.com/slide/10592381/

Synthesis (Sy), Evaluation (Ev) and Skills (Sk) opportunities

Use the content of this post to plan and answer the following question: ‘Contrasts in the scale of changes and challenges facing different urban areas’. 10 marks. 

Use markscheme on page 56 from the new syllabus guide (AO3).